Sources and acknowledgements

The words, their meanings, the explanations and the example sentences in this dictionary have been gathered over a number of years from a wide variety of written and oral sources, including Māori television programmes. However, the books listed below have been particularly valuable and the author wishes to acknowledge these in particular as major sources of information for this dictionary.

For the vocabulary meanings, grammatical explanations, idioms and colloquial expressions the author wishes to acknowledge the following major sources:

• Biggs, Bruce. 1998. Let's Learn Maori: A Guide to the Study of the Maori Language. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
• Deverson, T. & G. Kennedy (eds.). 2005. The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
• Harlow, Ray. 2001. A Māori Reference Grammar. Auckland: Pearson Education New Zealand Limited.
• Ngata, H. M. 1993. English-Maori Dictionary. Wellington: Learning Media.
• Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori. 1996. Te Matatiki: Contemporary Māori Words. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
• Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori. 1999. He Kohinga Kīwaha. Auckland: Reed.
• Williams, H.W. 1971. A Dictionary of the Māori Language. Wellington: Government Printer.

For the brief descriptions of the flora and fauna the following have been the main sources and are acknowledged:

• Crowe, Andrew. 2001. Which Native Tree? Auckland: Penguin Books.
• Crowe, Andrew. 2001. Which Native Fern? Auckland: Penguin Books.
• Crowe, Andrew. 2002. Which New Zealand Insect? Auckland: Penguin Books.
• Crowe, Andrew. 2003. Which Coastal Plant? Auckland: Penguin Books.
• Crowe, Andrew. 2003. Which Native Forest Plant? Auckland: Penguin Books.
• Crowe, Andrew. 2004. A Field Guide to the Native Edible Plants of New Zealand. Auckland: Penguin Books.
• Heather, B.D. 2000. The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Auckland: Viking.
• Salmon, J.T. 1980. The Native Trees of New Zealand. Auckland: Heinemann Reed.

Information for many of the important Māori men and women has been gleaned from the following.

• Orange, C. (ed.). 1990. Ngā Tāngata Taumata Rau 1769-1869. Wellington: Allen & Unwin and Te Tari Taiwhenua.
• Orange, C. (ed.). 1994. Ngā Tāngata Taumata Rau 1870-1900. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books and Te Tari Taiwhenua.
• Orange, C. (ed.). 1996. Ngā Tāngata Taumata Rau 1901-1920. Wellington: Auckland University Press and Te Tari Taiwhenua.
• Orange, C. (ed.). 1998. Ngā Tāngata Taumata Rau 1921-1941. Wellington: Auckland University Press and Te Tari Taiwhenua.
• Orange, C. (ed.). 2000. Ngā Tāngata Taumata Rau 1941-1961. Wellington: Auckland University Press and Te Tari Taiwhenua.

The sources of the example sentences and historical loanwords are listed below with the abbreviations used in the dictionary.

Māori-language newspapers:
TK Ko te Karere o Nui Tireni (1842-6)
AMW The Anglo Maori Warder (1848)
MM The Maori Messenger. Ko te Karere Maori (1849-54)
KAM Ko te Ao Marama. New World (1849-50)
MM.TKM The Maori Messenger. Te Karere Maori (1855-61)
TWI Te Waka o te Iwi (1857)
TPK Te Karere o Poneke (1857-8)
TWT Te Whetu o te Tau (1858)
TMT Te Manuhiri Tuarangi and Maori Intelligencer (1861)
TKM.MM Te Karere Maori or Maori Messenger (1861-3)
KA Ko Aotearoa or the Maori Recorder (1861-2)
TH Te Haeata (1859-61)
THNT Te Hokioi o Niu Tireni e Rere atu na (1863)
TPM Te Pihoihoi Mokemoke i runga i te Tuanui (1863)
TWM Te Waka Maori o Ahuriri (1863-71)
TWMNT Te Waka Maori o Niu Tirani (1871-9)
NH Nga Hua o te Mohiotanga ma nga Tangata Maori (1874)
TW Te Wananga (1874-8)
TM Te Matariki (1881)
TA Takitimu (1883)
TWMA Te Waka Maori o Aotearoa (1884)
KO Te Korimako (1882-8)
TKH Te Korimako Hou (1889-90)
THM Te Hoa Maori (1885-97? 1910?)
TMP Te Paki o Matariki (1892-1935?)
KTP Ko te Panui o Aotearoa (1894-6)
NHW Nga Hiiringa i te Whitu (1896)
AO Aotearoa (1892)
HTK Huia Tangata Kotahi (1893-5)
TPH Te Puke ki Hikurangi (1897-1913)
TMR The Maori Record (1904-07)
TJ The Jubilee. Te Tiupiri (1898-1900)
HKW He Kupu Whakamarama (1898)
Pipi Te Pipiwharauroa (1899-1913)
TKO Te Kopara (1913-21)
TTT Te Toa Takitini (1921-32)
TRA Te Reo o Aotearoa (1932-3)
TMA Te Matuhi (1903-06)
TMK Te Mareikura (1911-13)
TMU Te Manukura (1916-23)

Other sources:
Biggs Biggs, B. 1997. He Whiriwhiringa Selected Readings in Maori.
  Auckland: Auckland University Press.
DNZB Orange, C. (ed.). Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.
  Auckland: Auckland University Press & Department of Internal
  Affairs. Volume 1 1990, Volume 2 1993, Volume 3 1996,
  Volume 4 1998, Volume 5 2000.
HKK Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori. 1999.
  He Kohinga Kīwaha. Tāmaki-makau-rau: Reed
HM Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori. He Muka.
HP Pōtatau, Hēmi. 1991 He Hokinga Mahara.
 Tāmaki-makau-rau: Longman Paul.
JPS Journal of the Polynesian Society.
M Ngata, A.T. & Pei Te Hurinui Jones. Ngā Mōteatea The Songs.
  Third edition. Auckland: Auckland University Press
 Part 1: 2004, Part 2: 2005, Part 3: 2006, Part 4: 2007.
NM Sir George Grey. 1928. Ngā Mahi a Nga Tupuna. Third edition.
 New Plymouth: Thomas Avery & Sons.
Ngata Ngata, Hōri M. 1993. English-Maori Dictionary.
 Wellington: Learning Media.
NP H.M. Mead & N. Grove. 2001. Ngā Pēpehaa ngā Tīpuna.
 Wellington: Victoria University Press.
PK Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori. 2008.
 He Pātaka Kupu, te kai a te rangatira. North Shore: Raupo.
Popi 1887 Pope, James. 1887. Te Pukapuka Kura Maori.
 Pōneke: Kaitā a te Kāwanatanga.
Popi 1896 Pope, James. 1896. Te Ora mo te Maori.
 Pōneke: Kaitā a te Kāwanatanga.
Ture1858. Ko nga Ture o Ingarangi
PT The Bible Society in New Zealand. 1952. Ko Te Paipera Tapu.
 Wellington: The Bible Society in New Zealand.
RP Christensen, Ian. 2009. Te Reo Putaiao.
 Te Whanga-nui-a-Tara: Te Tāhuhu o Te Mātauranga.
TAH Te Ao Hou. Numbers 1-76.
TTR Orange, C. (ed.). 1990-2000. Ngā Tāngata Taumata Rau.
 Auckland University Press & Te Tari Taiwhenua
  Volume 1 1990, Volume 2 1994, Volume 3 1996, Volume 4 1998,
  Volume 5 2000.
TWK Te Wharekura. Wellington: Learning Media. Numbers 1-61
W Williams, Herbert W. 1971. Dictionary of the Maori Language.
 Seventh edition. Wellington: GP Publications.